Design and synthesis of side-chain optimized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)-g-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) as proton exchange membrane for fuel cell applications: Balancing the water-resistance and the sulfonation degree

Side-chain optimized poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)-g-poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PPO-g-PSSA) is designed with balanced water-resistance and sulfonation degree. The PPO-g-PSSA is synthesized by controlled atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from brominated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO-xBr) and ethyl styrene-4-sulfonate and followed by hydrolysis. A series of PPO-g-PSSA are prepared possessing different bromination degree (x) of PPO-xBr and polymerization degree (m) of the side-chains and the water-resistances of the fabricated membranes are investigated. The results show that a PPO-g-PSSA at relatively low x (x < 0.2) and high m (m > 4) exhibits good balance between the water-resistance and the sulfonation degree. Namely, it displays suitable proton conductivity with compromised water-resistance. Moreover, a maximum ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 3.24 mmol g^?1 is reached without the sacrifice of water-resistance. In addition, PPO-g-0.08PSSA-13 and PPO-g-0.14PSSA-4 are chosen characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, proton conductivities and mechanical properties. At 90% RH, the optimized PPO-g-0.08PPSA-13 possesses a proton conductivity of 37.9 mS cm^?1 at 40 °C and 45.5 mS cm^?1 at 95 °C, respectively.     

Large electrostrictive effect and high energy storage performance of Pr3+-doped PIN-PMN-PT multifunctional ceramics in the ergodic relaxor phase

The photoluminescence, dielectric relaxation, ferroelectric hysteresis, and field-induced strain properties of Pr³⁺-doped 0.24Pb(In_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃-0.42Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.34PbTiO₃ (PIN-PMN-PT:Pr³⁺) multifunctional ceramics have been investigated. It was found that Pr³⁺ doping enhanced the dielectric diffuseness and relaxation behavior of PIN-PMN-PT ceramics. Slim P-E loops and S-E curves appear in PIN-PMN-PT:Pr³⁺ ceramics when the Pr³⁺ doping concentration reaches 1.4 mol%. Local domain configurations associated with phase transitions were investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Large electrostrictive coefficient Q₃₃ (?0.03 m⁴/C²) and high energy-storage efficiency η (92%) were obtained in 2 mol% Pr³⁺-doped PIN-PMN-PT ceramic in the ergodic relaxor (ER) phase at room temperature. The giant electrostrictive effect and excellent energy-storage performance are related to the field-induced dynamic behavior of polar nanoregions (PNRs). The results show that the PIN-PMN-PT:Pr³⁺ system is an excellent multifunctional material for making electromechanical and energy storage devices.     

多层钢结构模块与钢框架复合建筑结构设计探究

为适应社会发展的脚步,满足民众的实际需求,工程建设企业正不断寻求新型的建筑设计方案和施工方案,多层钢结构模块和钢框架复合建筑结构建设模式应用,以实际的工业园区建设为例,分析研究建筑多层钢结构模块与钢框架复合建筑结构的设计要求和具体施工技术应用方案,通过一系列数据研究和对比,分析多层钢结构模块与钢框架复合建筑结构技术要求的优势,可为相关工作者提供帮助.     

Molecular dynamic investigation on sulfur migration during hydrogen production by benzothiophene gasification in supercritical water

Benzothiophene (BT) is a key sulfur-containing intermediate product in the thermal conversion process of coal and heavy oil. The migration process of the sulfur element may affect the thermal utilization design of BT. In this paper, BT was used as a model compound to simulate the supercritical water gasification (SCWG) process by molecular dynamics with a reactive force field (ReaxFF) method, and the laws of hydrogen production and sulfur migration mechanisms were obtained. Increasing the molecule number of supercritical water (SCW) and increasing the reaction temperature can enhance the generation of hydrogen and promote the conversion of organic sulfur to inorganic sulfur. Water was the main source of H₂, and H₂S was the main gaseous sulfur-containing product. SCW had a certain degree of oxidation due to a large number of hydroxyl radicals, which could increase the valence of sulfur. The conversion process of BT in SCW was mainly divided into four stages, including thiophene ring-opening; sulfur separation or carbon chain broke with sulfur retention; carbon chain cleaved, and gas generation. The lumped kinetic parameters of the conversion of sulfur in BT to inorganic sulfur were calculated, and the activation energy was 369.98 kJ/mol, which was much lower than those under pyrolysis conditions. This article aims to clarify the synergistic characteristics of hydrogen production and sulfur migration in the SCWG process of BT from the molecular perspective, which is expected to provide a theoretical basis for pollutant directional removal during hydrogen production by sulfur-containing organic matters in SCW.     

建筑和绿地布局对郑州市住区PM2.5的综合影响

面对当前严峻的全球性空气污染问题,如何改善住区空气质量成为住区规划与设计的重要内容之一.本文以寒冷地区郑州市分散式、片状集中式和带状集中式3类典型绿地布局的住区为研究对象,借助微气候观测,描述住区内PM25时空变化特征.进而采用相关性分析、中介效应分析和回归分析,逐步剖析空间形态参数与住区内PM2.5的关联,探究建筑和绿地布局对PM2.5浓度的综合影响,为住区冬季室外环境空气质量评价与优化提供依据.研究表明:1)建筑视图因子(BVF)、天空开阔度(SVF)与植物视图因子(TVF)对PM2.5浓度影响权重排序:TVF ＞BVF ＞SVF.TVF每增加10％,PM2.5浓度上升约20 μg/m3;2)BVF对PM2.5浓度的直接效应最强;SVF主要以相对湿度间接影响PM2.5浓度;3)分散式绿地布局空气环境均质稳定性最好,带状集中式次之,片状集中式最差.     

Tunable microwave absorption properties of nickel-carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning

The nickel-carbon nanofibers (Ni-C NFs) were fabricated by the electrospinning of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and nickel acetate tetrahydrate (NiAc) solution precursor with succedent PVA pyrolyzation and calcination process. The microwave absorption performance and electromagnetic (EM) parameters of the NFs were researched over the frequency range of 2.0–18.0?GHz. Both the impedance matching and EM wave absorption properties of the Ni-C NFs were improved by changing the carbonization temperature. The effect of graphitization degree on reflection loss (RL) and the possible loss mechanisms were directly displayed in the comparative study of each sample. The optimal RL value of ??44.9?dB and an effective frequency bandwidth of 3.0?GHz under a thickness of 3.0?mm can be reached by a sample calcined at 650?°C. These lightweight Ni-C NFs composites can be promising candidates for EM wave absorbers due to the combination of multiple loss mechanisms, nano-size effect and good impedance matching between Ni nanoparticles and CNFs.